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Planning obligations are used by local government to capture some of the financial windfall that accrues to land owners and developers when planning permissions are granted. University of Sheffield research into the incidence of planning obligations, their financial value, and variations in related local policy and practice has made a significant contribution to national policy development. This includes the shaping of the Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) and the improvement of obligations policy implementation throughout the UK. The three main impacts of the research have been: (i) to provide evidence that has resulted in a much larger proportion of sites now contributing to infrastructure provision than was initially intended in national policy; (ii) to provide evidence that influenced the decision to restructure affordable housing grants, resulting in better use of around £2.8bn per annum of public expenditure and a greater supply of new housing for lower income households than would otherwise have been possible; and (iii) to inform best practice within local authorities, enabling many of them to use obligations to capture increasingly large contributions to infrastructure provision.
Research conducted by Gallent, Morphet et al has revealed a lack of understanding among planners, local authorities and public sector infrastructure providers about the key shift in spatial planning in England since 2004 towards integrated deliverability. This, plus further UCL research work suggesting appropriate means to redress this lack of understanding, led to the development of Infrastructure Delivery Planning (IDP) which has, in turn, had significant impacts on government policy and legislation for local plans. Since 2008, all 346 English local authorities have used IDP, a change that has supported the more effective and sustainable use of land, buildings and facilities, and given greater confidence to communities by demonstrating committed local investment.
The importance of this impact relates to how it changed policy and practice in regard to spatial division in Northern Ireland's contested society by linking planning, regeneration and reconciliation. Beneficiaries include: north Belfast communities (33,000 population) which have a new planning framework and knowledge to improve their regeneration; a network of reconciliation agencies, which has endorsed a policy manifesto based on the research; the main government department concerned with planning and development which has embedded reconciliation into its legislative and core policy framework, and Belfast City Council, which has been guided about how best they can tie their `good relations' strategy to their emerging powers around planning and regeneration.
The research has impacted for over a decade via contributions to changes in planning legislation, policy, guidance and practice in both Northern Ireland (NI) and the Republic of Ireland. Now as the framework for local government reform is being developed in NI, planning is undergoing structural change to enable powers to be devolved to the new councils. In an advisory capacity to the Minister for the Environment on the Ministerial Planning Advisory Forum and also to the Northern Ireland Assembly, specific contributions have been made to the development of the Planning Act (NI) 2011 and a new single planning policy statement which will inform planning decision making. Impact is also manifested in the preparation of government guidance for plan-making in the Republic of Ireland. The research impacts upon all aspects of urban and rural planning decision making in the jurisdiction of NI (population 1.8 million) and also on design based urban and rural planning decision making in the Republic of Ireland (population 4.58 million).
Research at Newcastle has made a significant contribution to the development of strategic and local planning practice in the UK and globally. It has also shaped concepts and expectations of spatial planning and place governance. Based on a concerted approach to the theorisation, analysis and transfer of ideas through teaching, research and engagement with practice, the role of collaborative planning as a key element of urban governance, to bring different interests and communities together, continues to influence debates about the nature of development processes and their future role in place-shaping.
Research undertaken at LSE since 1995 has changed the terms of debate about land use planning and contributed to substantive changes in government policy. Planning was previously thought of as purely an environmental/design issue, but the underpinning research has demonstrated substantial economic effects on housing supply and affordability, housing market volatility, and on the productivity of economic users of space: it has shown that England's planning policies add up to 35% to housing costs, act as a tax equivalent of up to 800% on the cost of office space and since 1996 have reduced the productivity of a representative English supermarket by 32%. The work had significant influence on the two Barker Reviews and subsequent housing policy changes introduced by the Blair and Brown Labour governments. More recently it has influenced Coalition thinking and policy on planning's wider economic impacts.
This case study is built upon the successful fusion of Spatial Planning with the Ecosystem Approach, translating complex theory into operational outputs for public and stakeholder engagement, which improve policy processes and outcomes across built and natural environments and fringe interfaces. `RUFopoly' and `EATME tree' are co-produced outputs, maximising engagement in learning spaces within game and web-portal formats respectively. For example, the Welsh Government has used both tools to design emerging policy frameworks (testimonial1). The novel research model employed builds research teams that integrate academic, policy and practice participants within a collective journey of (re)-discovery maximising reflective practice and social learning.
A major challenge to economic policy and public sector governance is how to provide a sustainable economic basis for less prosperous localities and neighbourhoods. Research findings demonstrated the need for a greater focus upon enterprise and jobs at a sub-regional level and improved co-ordination and integration of governance arrangements in order to tackle this issue. These findings influenced the development of national and local government policy and practice towards the economic development of deprived areas from 2004 onwards. Impacts were evident through shaping a significant re-orientation in policy approaches towards deprived neighbourhoods as well as the development of specific policies and governance practice.
Economic prosperity in the UK is very unevenly distributed across space. Tackling these persistent disparities by improving local economic performance is a key policy objective. Research conducted by LSE staff has made direct contributions to government thinking and to specific policies both at central and local levels. First, the research has influenced the Government's shift from regional to city policy-making: abolishing Regional Development Agencies; establishing Local Enterprise Partnerships [LEPs] and bespoke `City Deals'. Second, researchers from LSE have directly influenced the development of economic strategies in Birmingham, Cambridge, the North East LEP area and Manchester.
The European Institute for Urban Affairs' (EIUA) evidence, analyses and advocacy have shaped urban policies and decisively influenced policy makers in its city region, the UK and Europe. In recent years its major reports for government, the European Commission, Core Cities and the ESRC which demonstrate the crucial contribution of cities to the UK's national economic performance and welfare have had important policy impacts which are summarised in section 4. The Institute's work has driven the debate about the role and prospects of English cities and had a transformational effect on the way in which they are regarded and treated by government. In doing so the Institute has placed cities at the heart of economic policy making in the UK.