CURBE Impact Case Study - 26-06-13
Submitting Institution
University of CambridgeUnit of Assessment
Architecture, Built Environment and PlanningSummary Impact Type
PoliticalResearch Subject Area(s)
Mathematical Sciences: Statistics
Earth Sciences: Geophysics
Engineering: Civil Engineering
Summary of the impact
The Cambridge University Centre for Risk in the Built Environment (CURBE)
investigates techniques to identify, monitor and assess risk. Since 1997,
CURBE's research contributed to real- world applications that reduce
detrimental impacts of natural and manmade hazards, including the recent
Haiti earthquake. Collaborators and users of the underpinning research
include the British Council, the Government Office for Science, the US
Geological Survey and Federal Emergency Management Agency in the USA, UN
Habitat and private modellers and insurance companies involved in risk
such as Risk Management Solutions and Willis Re.
Underpinning research
The underpinning research was conducted principally by Professor Robin
Spence (Professor of Architecture since 1997), Dr Emily So (Research
Assistant from 2005-09, University Lecturer from 2012) within the
Cambridge University Centre for Risk in the Built Environment (CURBE). The
scientific research at CURBE has been instrumental in managing and
reducing risk and will continue to save lives.
Mainly concentrating on natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods,
volcanoes and tsunamis, the fundamental research at CURBE seeks to reduce
the risk of these perils, by analysing past events, developing new methods
of modelling and bringing together close cooperation between architects,
engineers, earth scientists and public health specialists.
Much of this work has been conducted jointly with Cambridge Architectural
Research (CAR) Ltd (of which Spence and So are Directors), who has
contributed modelling and data analysis expertise to extend the basic
research undertaken at CURBE into applications. Two major research areas
which have exploited CURBE's long understanding of earthquake risk are
presented here.
The first is in the assessment of vulnerability of buildings, the likely
building damage and human casualties from earthquakes. Spence pioneered
the work in the classification of damage by classes of building and levels
of damage (Coburn and Spence, 2002). The methodology and data developed by
CURBE are central to models in use today for both pricing and
exposure-limitation in insurance and reinsurance; the Global Earthquake
Vulnerability Estimation System (GEVES), (Spence et al., 2008) being one.
Fundamental to the methodology is the collection and analysis of empirical
data. UK's Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) which
was co-founded by Spence in 1982 is now partly funded by EPSRC as the
council's on-going commitment to bettering seismic data collection and
research. EPSRC has also funded CURBE members on visits to damaged areas
after the Pisco, 2007, Wenchuan 2008, Samoa, 2009, L'Aquila 2009, Haiti,
2010 and Tohoku, 2011 earthquakes.
The estimation of earthquake induced casualties is crucial to planning
mitigation and emergency management strategies. This work was first
carried out in LessLoss (2005-2007 EU funding, Spence as PI). So
has since been actively involved in the assessment of human casualties,
improving understanding of how casualties occur in natural disasters and
providing key parameters for loss estimation models.
The second related area is in the innovative use of remote sensing for
post-disaster damage and recovery. In Use of remote sensing for
earthquake damage assessment (2001- 2004 EPSRC funding, Spence as
PI), then-newly available high-resolution satellite images were analysed,
and a range of techniques (manual and computerised) for preparing damage
mapping were developed. The skills developed by Saito (2001 -2012) are
currently used for the World Bank's post disaster needs assessment.
CURBE's skills in remote imagery interpretation were further strengthened
in Monitoring of post disaster recovery (EPSRC 2008-2010,
Chenvidyakarn as PI). The techniques developed for assessing
post-earthquake damage were applied for the first time to monitor the
process of recovery. CURBE subsequently obtained EPSRC Follow-up funding
(2010-2011, Ramage as PI) to develop these techniques into tools suitable
for use by agencies working in the field, and EU funding for SENSUM (So as
PI), a Framework to integrate Space-based and in-situ sENSing for dynamic
vUlnerability and recovery Monitoring (2013-2014).
References to the research
Major publications
1. Coburn, A. and Spence, R., 2002. Earthquake Protection (2nd edition),
Wiley, ISBN 0-471-49614-6
2. Spence, R, So, E. and Scawthorn, C. (editors), 2011. Human Casualties
in Earthquakes:
Progress in Modelling and Mitigation, Springer Science.
3. So, E and Spence, R., 2012. "Estimating shaking-induced casualties and
building damage for global earthquakes" Bulletin of Earthquake
Engineering, DOI: 10.1007/s10518-012-9373-8, ISSN: 1570-761X.
4. Spence R, 2007. "Saving lives in earthquakes: successes and failures
in seismic protection since 1960" Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,
Springer, 5/2, May 2007, 139-251.
5. Spence, R., So, E., Jenny, E., Castella, H., Ewald, M. and Booth, E.,
2008. "The Global Earthquake Vulnerability Estimation System (GEVES): an
approach for earthquake risk assessment for insurance applications" Bull
of Earthquake Engineering Vol 6 (3) pp 463-483.
6. Tompkins, E.L., Penning-Rowsell, E, Parker, D., Platt, S., Priest, S.,
So, E., Spence, R., 2012. Institutions and disaster outcomes: successes,
weaknesses and significant research needs (WP9), Report to Government
Office for Science: Foresight Disasters project.
Recognition of research contribution
Professor Robin Spence was elected President of the European
Association of Earthquake Engineers 2002-2006 and Vice
President 2006-2010), and delivered the prestigious Mallet-Milne
lecture at ICE in 2007. Dr Emily So was awarded the Shah
Family Innovation Prize in 2011 in recognition for her work in
the field of earthquake engineering and risk mitigation. So was awarded a
Mendenhall Fellowship at the USGS and spent two years at the
National Earthquake Information Center contributing to the development of
PAGER (2009 - 2011).
Details of the impact
Public Safety
Saving lives from natural disasters is a priority and drives CURBE's
research both nationally and internationally. The Foresight report
entitled "Reducing Risks of Future Disasters: Priorities for Decision
Makers" included a work package co-authored by CURBE members (Tompkins et
al., 2012). The initiative was launched by the Government Office for
Science in the UK (December 2012), and in it, Professor Sir John
Beddington says,
"...The good news is that science has the potential to play an
increasingly important role in [Disaster Risk Reduction] DRR. Science
tells us why disasters happen and where many of the risks lie, and for
some disasters we can even forecast when they will occur."
Internationally, through 15 years of research in assessing earthquake
damage and vulnerability studies, CURBE is an authority in earthquake loss
estimation models. The application of loss modelling for governments and
international development agencies is relatively new; CURBE's work is an
integral part of GEM, the Global Earthquake Model.
GEM is a public-private partnership to develop new open-access tools for
earthquake loss modelling, suitable for use at a national, city and
community level. Launched in 2009, it is the largest earthquake research
programme in operation globally today and its strategy for risk assessment
has been informed from the start by participation of CURBE in developing
the methods for the underlying risk components. Dr So is working with CAR
to develop the GEM Earthquake Consequences Database[G].
".. through the efforts of Prof Robin Spence and Dr Emily So ... our
community now has at its disposal not only an open transparent
repository of data and information on the impacts of tens of major past
earthquakes around the world, but also a set of tools and standards that
may be used in the years to come..."
Secretary General, GEM[A]
Humanitarian Response
Leading the field of global practitioners in mass-casualty assessment
after earthquakes, So is part of the team developing the U.S. Geological
Survey's Prompt Assessment for Global Earthquakes Response (PAGER)
[F] programme. PAGER provides an alert less than 30 minutes after
an event has occurred, based on an estimate of the number of deaths or
extent of economic losses due to ground shaking following an earthquake.
Funded by USAID, these prompt alerts inform the White House and FEMA as
well as UN agencies on likely impacts of earthquakes around the world.
Alerted of the likely severity of the event, the precious few hours
immediately after the Haiti earthquake in 2010 were used by the Office of
U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) to mobilise monetary and physical
aid, well before the Haitian government requested help:
"This work continues to be critical as our response actions integrate
the very rapid assessment and alert levels provide by PAGER... This
results in our ability to expedite assistance and potential save lives..."
Senior Physical Scientist, FEMA Region VIII, Mitigation Division[B]
The innovative use of post-event damage mapping using remote sensing has
been used by agencies to direct post disaster decisions. The techniques
developed by Saito were used to assess the total damage and cost in Haiti
and guided the World Bank in raising the required funding for loans (Saito
et al., 2011). Ultimately the Haitian people benefited through the aid
provided for reconstruction. Mapping techniques acquired through CURBE
projects were used to directly assist the British Red Cross and UN Habitat
with their recovery efforts in Haiti:
"Cambridge research work was critical in terms of advocacy and advice
to the Government of Haiti and resulted directly in the decision by the
Prime Minister's Secretariat to recognise the area as a new permanent
settlement and a political priority"
Senior Technical Advisor, UN Habitat Haiti[D]
Commercial impact
The insurance industry relies on catastrophe loss estimation models to
estimate potential financial losses to its assets at risk, and to properly
price the risks. Insurance companies like ACC for Wellington in New
Zealand (Cousins et al. 2008) directly benefit as they are able to expand
their market with more accurate risk pricing, and ultimately the
purchasers of insurance are able to offset their risks, and get payments
for rebuilding in the event of an earthquake.
"In the domain of catastrophe risk, loss estimation and the impact of
that research on society in general and insurance/reinsurance industry
in particular, your work has been very prominent and well used as well
as well referenced by the governments, academic researchers and the
insurance industry. ...If I have to mention few teams around the world
who have made major contributions in this field, Cambridge team and the
two of you will always be featured in the top three...."
Founder & Senior Advisor, RMS, Inc.[E]
Spence worked with Willis Re to develop the risk model which underpins
the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool through which two million
previously uninsured households are today insured against earthquake
damage. As part of the Willis Research Network, CURBE continues to engage
with users to focus research on applications and reducing risk through
different media[C].
Sources to corroborate the impact
A. Letter from Secretary-General, Global Earthquake Model (www.globalquakemodel.org).
B. Letter from Senior Physical Scientist, FEMA Region VIII, Mitigation
Division, Department of Homeland Security.
C. Letter from Chairman of Willis Research Network, Willis Re., UK.
D. Letter from Senior Technical Advisor, UN Habitat, Haiti.
E. Email from Founder of Risk Management Solutions, USA.
F. USGS PAGER http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/pager/team.php
G. GEM Global Earthquake Model Consequences Database
http://www.globalquakemodel.org/what/physical-integrated-risk/consequences-database/