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Research at LSE by Henrik Kleven and colleagues has significantly improved the design of tax policy and tax enforcement in countries as different as Pakistan and Denmark. These policy impacts can be summarised as follows:
Research carried out at the University of Exeter Business School (UoEBS) into the design of fiscally decentralized institutions has been instrumental in bringing `vertical fiscal externalities' (an inherent feature of multi-level governments), and the resulting inefficiencies, to the attention of international organizations including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and governments worldwide. This work has informed policy decisions and provided awareness of the intrinsic issues and interdependencies between tax decisions at different levels of government through the production of significant theoretical, empirical, and policy literature, and has directly influenced taxation policy directly through changes in fiscal legislation in Germany.
Vaughan Williams demonstrated the benefits to consumers, betting operators and government of switching from a tax regime based on turnover to a gross profits tax (GPT). Applied initially by the UK Government to general betting (i.e. through bookmakers) and then to bingo and pools betting, GPT was extended in 2013 to gaming machines through a new machine games duty. HM Revenue and Customs used Vaughan Williams' elasticity estimates in setting the rate of machine games duty and to successfully challenge regulatory discrepancies relating to gaming machines and stake limits. Since 2011 other European countries have followed the UK's lead and switched to gambling taxation based on GPT.
Professor Prem Sikka has become widely known in finance circles for his research on the `dark side' of the finance industry. His research on tax avoidance in particular has established him as an expert on the mechanisms by which companies find legal loopholes to avoid tax. As a result he has been asked to use his research to inform policy discussion in three main ways: by consulting with the UK Government's Secretary of State for Business Innovation and Skills; by informing politicians and parliamentary committees in Westminster, Scotland, and France; and by acting as a senior adviser to a number of NGOs concerned with the tax conduct of global corporations. In recognition of his contributions to public discourse he has been named by specialist publication Accountancy Age as one of the 50 most influential figures in UK finance.
Research by Geoff Whittam and Mike Danson at the University of the West of Scotland looked at the local effects of the Council Tax on poverty and inequality. Their work led to them proposing a new progressive model of `local' taxation called the Scottish Service Tax (SST). The research has been used by NGOs and other organisation to inform their own policy positions and campaigns for taxation reforms and poverty alleviation. The SST model has been cited extensively in submissions to enquiries and debates about Scottish local funding reforms. SST was adopted by the Scottish Socialist Party in 2002 which led to a Bill being put before the Scottish Parliament.
Since it was established in 2005, the Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation (CBT) has had significant and wide-ranging impact on several aspects of the formation of tax policy in Europe. Feeding into the current topical public debate on business taxation, the centre's research on the design and effects of corporation tax and VAT has had impact in several ways, two of which are highlighted here: 1) on a proposal by the European Commission, and the response by member states, to harmonise corporation tax within the EU, in which the research has been partly responsible for the reform not being implemented; and 2) on a far-reaching reform to VAT in Portugal, where the research contributed significantly to the design of the revised VAT system.
The recommendations of the `Calman Commission' on Scottish Devolution resulted in the largest transfer of financial powers from Westminster since the creation of the United Kingdom, implemented in the Scotland Bill which received Royal Assent in 2012. The independent expert group chaired by Professor Anton Muscatelli were directly influenced by University of Glasgow research on the lack of accountability in the UK devolved system, the potential to extend the use of income taxation as a devolved tax, and the problems in devolving taxes such as VAT, corporation and natural resource tax.
This case study details the impact of research conducted by the Centre for Hearth Tax Research in the preservation and presentation of historical data. Through the process of research, public engagement, and digital publications, the Centre for Hearth Tax Research has substantially increased access to the hearth tax for the benefit of a wide range of public users. This accessibility has been achieved firstly by the conversion of complex fiscal data into new formats, and secondly by an outreach strategy directed at local history and record societies, genealogists and family historians, and those interested in historic buildings. This research has had a significant impact in the following three ways: (a) preserving fragile records for the benefit of future generations, (b) the enhancement of public service provision in national and local archives, and (c) by widening access to the hearth tax as a resource.
This case study describes how an economic and statistical analysis of tax policy undertaken by Chris Heady has been used to inform fiscal policy decisions, both in the UK and overseas.
The research has had a direct impact on public policy, informing HM Treasury's decision in 2011 to increase the main rate of value added tax and accelerate the reduction in the rate of corporation tax. It has also had a broader impact through contributing to the government's understanding of the role of tax policy in promoting growth, and through informing public understanding of the issue.
In addition to its significance to UK public policy, the research has had international reach as it has been presented for discussion by the international tax community and international organisations.
Research at the University of Aberdeen on the economics of North Sea oil and gas activity levels and the potential effects of tax changes on exploration and development decisions — and thus on total investment — have informed government and the oil industry of the virtues of ensuring that the tax system produces the appropriate balance between investment incentives and tax revenues.
In particular this work demonstrated the need to accommodate the differential impact of the tax system across offshore fields located in different geographic regions of the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS) which have varying cost characteristics, and the consequent need for tax allowances to avoid investment disincentives and to promote maximum economic recovery.