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Measurements made by unique radiosondes, conceived at and built by the university to count and size atmospheric aerosols, were used to validate UK Met Office models that forecast the amount and trajectory of the volcanic ash from the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption. These first in situ measurements justified the authorities' cautious approach in grounding flights, thereby not jeopardising air passenger safety, despite huge pressure from commercial interests. The Met Office subsequently purchased further radiosondes for future deployment, and the underpinning particle detection technology is now licensed to a UK company for worldwide exploitation in areas of environmental monitoring, air quality and industrial safety.
Since the 1990s, the threat from malevolent release of airborne pathogens has grown in military and civilian contexts. However, solid-state UV lasers, central to the preferred fluorescence detection technologies, were prohibitively expensive for use in `low-cost' detectors. In 2001, Hertfordshire researchers proposed an alternative based on inexpensive xenon flashlamp sources, commonly used in disposable cameras. Between 2001 and 2006, they developed and optimised this approach, with the resulting `WIBS' technology now a core part of the UK military's bioaerosol defence programme and patented worldwide. The technology's affordability also has led to its growing international use in areas such as atmospheric science, climate research, and occupational health. In 2012, a commercial licence was purchased by a leading US instrumentation company to exploit in the field of atmospheric and climate science; discussions with further licensees to exploit in other fields are continuing.
This outreach event presents the principles and applications of particle accelerators. It has resulted in increased interest in and knowledge of particle accelerators by over 7,700 schoolchildren; greater knowledge and ability of schoolteachers to incorporate content, demonstrations and experiments related to accelerator science into their teaching; and wider awareness in the general public of many kinds of particle accelerators and their uses (e.g. in medicine and industry). The beneficiaries extend beyond audiences of shows presented by the University of Oxford through delivery by other institutions in the UK and Germany, and downloads of online material.
The transition, at the end of the 20th century, from ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to hydrofluoralkane (HFA) propellants in metered dose inhalers (MDIs), for drug delivery to the upper airways in the lungs, taxed the ingenuity of formulation scientists and device design engineers. The regulatory requirement for clinical equivalence between the CFC and HFA products demanded an unchanged drug dosing regimen and identical lung deposition profiles.
Research funded by Chiesi Farmaceutici (Parma, Italy) in the Centre of Drug Formulation Studies (CDFS) at the University of Bath led to development of the Modulite® technology which met the challenges posed and mimicked the performance of CFC MDI using HFA propellants. The proprietary technology enabled Chiesi to re-formulate and commercialise a number of products, which now represent mainstay therapies in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
The Modulite® technology has provided the greatest contribution to both the turnover and the global development of the Chiesi group, via several successful in-house developmements and collaboration agreements with leading pharmaceutical companies. Global sales of Chiesi's Atimos Modulite®, Fostair/Foster (25% of sales) and Clenil Modulite® (14.4% of sales) MDI products produced revenue of in excess of $450 Million in 2012.
The discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been one of the biggest science stories in recent years. John Ellis of the KCL Physics Department has significantly enhanced the impact of this scientific breakthrough by engaging the general public around the world with the landmark scientific developments. Based on his original research on the Higgs boson and other aspects of LHC physics, and drawing on work of his colleagues, Ellis has given 76 outreach talks since April 2011 in the UK and in 24 other countries. He has participated in five cultural festivals, given a Youtube presentation with over 500,000 views, made many BBC appearances and given expert analysis and interviews to UK and international print and broadcast media. The reach of the impact is truly global with an audience estimated in the millions.
Technology developed at UoM on clouds and aerosols proved vital in deriving ash mass concentrations during the 2010 eruption of the Iceland volcano, verifying the Met Office model that was defining the airspace exclusion zone and predict ash loadings for the Civil Aviation Authority. The shutdown of airspace cost the airline industry worldwide an estimated $1.7bn, reaching $400m per day on April 19th. Reassurance provided by our verification allowed lifting of flight restrictions which had the immediate effect of re-opening airspace, relieving the impact on hundreds of thousands of people globally, leading to an estimated global saving to the industry of $10bn The approach has resulted in new long term airborne response capability at the Met Office.
This public outreach programme from Oxford links physics, particle accelerators and music through Einstein who was an enthusiastic violinist. The events have attracted a new audience to engage with science; have increased schoolchildren's interest in science and aspirations for science education; and have supported and inspired science teachers. More than 17,000 people have attended performances across seven countries, including over 8,000 at events for schools; audience satisfaction is very high. Extensive international media coverage has included BBC Radio and Radio New Zealand, television programmes in the US and New Zealand, and many newspaper and magazine articles. The programme has an average of 20 events per year and will continue.
The performance of absolute distance measuring systems has been improved in terms of accuracy, traceability, reliability and cost through the introduction of new methodology arising from research at the University of Oxford. This has brought commercial benefit to a German company making measurement systems, through the creation of a new product line. New capabilities for measurement have been delivered to a first customer in Germany. The research has also resulted in the establishment of new activity at the National Physical Laboratory, and influenced UK and European technology roadmaps for future manufacturing.
We developed technology that uses polymer particles to replace much of the water that is employed in conventional clothes washing. The innovative technology is protected by several international patents and was commercialised in 2006 via the spin-out company Xeros Ltd. In August 2012, Xeros sold its first commercial-scale (25kg capacity) machine in the UK high street market and also installed the commercial-scale machine at a US commercial laundry, enabling typical savings of upto 70% less water, 50% less chemicals and 50% less energy than traditional methods and, hence, significantly reduced carbon footprint; Xeros plans to introduce a domestic-scale washing machine in 2014.
Our research since 1993 has led directly to demonstrable improvements in the physical representation of atmospheric particulates in the suite of Met Office numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models. These models have had enormous reach and significance across the REF period in both public sector and commercial Met Office activities. Our measurements impact directly on the model prediction of air quality, extreme pollution events (for fire brigade, police and public agencies), visibility, cloud cover, rainfall, and snowfall (for defence and the public weather service, commercial aviation, utilities, road and rail sectors).