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Hydrogen mapping and mitigation using modelling and experimental studies to inform safety case scenarios in nuclear decommissioning operations.

Summary of the impact

This Case Study illustrates how research has had a significant impact on the awareness and management of hydrogen hazards across the UK's pre-eminent nuclear decommissioning and reprocessing organisation, Sellafield Ltd (formerly BNFL). It has enabled Sellafield to:

  • Underpin safety cases for nuclear decommissioning operations where mitigation of hydrogen explosions is essential; this is estimated to have saved Sellafield over £550 million;
  • Provide 100,000 man-hours of training/CPD on hydrogen hazards to Sellafield staff;
  • Access the science relating to hydrogen-air ignition probabilities and options for mitigating potential explosions;
  • Expand and update the Hydrogen Technical Guide and associated road map on hydrogen safety with the latest research findings;
  • Obtain continued expert advice to the Sellafield Hydrogen Working Party.

In addition, LSBU has, since 2008, benefited from contract research from Sellafield valued at over £1 million.

Submitting Institution

London South Bank University

Unit of Assessment

General Engineering

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Chemical Sciences: Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural)
Engineering: Interdisciplinary Engineering

The behaviour of hydrogen in materials

Summary of the impact

This case study focuses on the use of hydrogen in a range of applications, developing the following techniques:

  • Automated and precise measurement of the magnitude and kinetics of gas/vapour absorption in materials at controlled pressure and temperature;
  • Methods for analysing structural changes during cycling of hydrogen storage materials, in particular in situ neutron diffraction;
  • Methods for the regeneration of a palladium catalyst used in the production of hydrogen peroxide;
  • Understanding the behaviour of hydrogen isotopes in palladium in relation to hydrogen isotope separation for fusion applications;
  • A surface coating technique that stops hydrogen permeation through metals;
  • Exploring the use of hydrogen storage for use with hydrogen/fuel cell cars using isotherm analysis, ab initio simulations and neutron scattering techniques;

Demonstrating impact in the commercial application of the techniques in the energy, environment and chemical industries; resulting in commercially viable processes and products, generating economic benefit.

Submitting Institution

University of Salford

Unit of Assessment

Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Metallurgy and Materials

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Chemical Sciences: Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural)
Engineering: Materials Engineering

Ink Jet Printing

Summary of the impact

Research carried out by Professors Hinch and Rallison at the University of Cambridge determined how ink jet printer fluids behave when emitted from the printer head. The research findings have been used by industry to optimise the design of the printer. Xaar, the world-leading independent supplier of industrial inkjet printheads which uses a drop-on-demand mode, has used the results of this research to improve the design and operation of its ink-jet printers to its own commercial benefit and to the benefit of the users of its printers.

Submitting Institution

University of Cambridge

Unit of Assessment

Mathematical Sciences

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Engineering: Interdisciplinary Engineering

Energy saving from improved fuels, engine combustion, and reduced hazards.

Summary of the impact

Experimental research and computer modelling in the School of Mechanical Engineering have been applied by engine and oil companies to reduce fuel consumption and noxious emissions. Studies into high pressure explosions and burn rates have helped industry improve engine efficiencies by up to 30% and contributed to the development of much improved fuels. These new products perform better, are less environmentally damaging and have generated new company revenues. Research into burn rates, detonations, and large jet-flames has also informed health and safety investigations, particularly the UK Government Inquiry into the Buncefield explosion, providing calculations and explanations of the blast, and recommendations on future safety controls.

Submitting Institution

University of Leeds

Unit of Assessment

Aeronautical, Mechanical, Chemical and Manufacturing Engineering

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Engineering: Automotive Engineering, Interdisciplinary Engineering

Advanced fluid flow modelling improves the efficiency of industrial burners

Summary of the impact

Using advanced mathematics and numerical modelling we have demonstrated how fundamental understanding of laminar-turbulent transitions in fluid flows can save energy. From 2008 we helped the cleantech company, Maxsys Fuel Systems Ltd, to understand and improve their technology and demonstrate to customers how it can reduce fuel use by 5-8%. Customers including Ford Motor, Dow Chemical and Findus testify to the impact from financial savings and reduced carbon emissions obtained by installing Maxsys products on industrial burners used widely in many industrial sectors including automotive, bulk chemicals and food. In 2010, Selas Heat Technology Company bought the Maxsys brand to invest in this success.

Submitting Institution

Aston University

Unit of Assessment

General Engineering

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Mathematical Sciences: Applied Mathematics
Engineering: Interdisciplinary Engineering

Fast binary decision algorithms to enable real time diagnosis of in-flight faults in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Summary of the impact

Led by Professor Andrews, a computational method for real time mission planning, based on Binary Decision Diagrams (BDD), was developed in the Mathematical Sciences Department at Loughborough University (LU) from 1993-2003. This is fast and accurate and can be used to support decision-making on system utilisation in real-time operation, which has led to the ability to diagnose in flight faults for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications.

The research has changed the understanding and awareness of the advantages of BDD, resulting in integration into major industrial trials and proprietary software products, including at BAE Systems, one of the world's largest companies in an area of vital importance to UK security and economic development. The methodology has attracted significant research funding in collaborative programmes with industry.

Submitting Institution

Loughborough University

Unit of Assessment

Mathematical Sciences

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Mathematical Sciences: Applied Mathematics
Information and Computing Sciences: Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing, Information Systems

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