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Organs and tissues for human transplantation: Seeking to increase deceased donation through informing public debate and influencing healthcare policy, education and practice

Summary of the impact

This case study describes the impact of Sque's programme of research into the psychological and social concerns that impact organ/tissue donation and family members' end of life and post mortem decision-making. This work has impacted UK national policy, which guides practice and education of health professionals about the care of families who have organ donation discussed with them, and national guidance for staff responsible for care after death (last offices). It has informed public debate internationally about care of the bereaved family and how to increase the availability of organs, from deceased persons for transplants. The reach and significance of this information ranges from an international (ELPAT) and parliamentary platform to teaching volunteer service users within the University of Wolverhampton's Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing about the need for post mortem organ donation. This research has therefore impacted the public and healthcare professionals, locally, nationally and internationally.

Submitting Institution

University of Wolverhampton

Unit of Assessment

Allied Health Professions, Dentistry, Nursing and Pharmacy

Summary Impact Type

Political

Research Subject Area(s)

Medical and Health Sciences: Public Health and Health Services

Inequalities in organ donation: challenges and opportunities

Summary of the impact

Professor Randhawa's research has made significant impact upon government policy and practice in relation to public engagement and professional training in the field of organ donation. The Government's Organ Donation Taskforce made 14 recommendations, one of which was to ensure organ donation was made more visible among BME communities. Subsequently, NICE Guidelines specifically referred to the need to address faith and cultural issues for families and relevant training for staff. This has informed specific national campaigns by targeting different communities and providing relevant staff training which has led to an increase in organ donor registrations from diverse communities.

Submitting Institution

University of Bedfordshire

Unit of Assessment

Allied Health Professions, Dentistry, Nursing and Pharmacy

Summary Impact Type

Political

Research Subject Area(s)

Medical and Health Sciences: Public Health and Health Services

Human bodies in medical treatment and research: relational factors

Summary of the impact

Research in the Department of Social Anthropology concerning the ethics of the use of biotechnology has had an impact on organisations with a public voice on the ethical use and regulation of body parts for reproduction and medicine, such as the Nuffield Council on Bioethics (NCOB), and indirectly the Welsh Assembly, the UK-wide Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HEFA). Further, their recommendations which have been informed by this research have had significant impact on public understanding and debate; health and well-being; and on egg donors and recipients in particular. Implementation of recommendations based on the research has seen waiting times for donor eggs halve.

Submitting Institution

University of Cambridge

Unit of Assessment

Anthropology and Development Studies

Summary Impact Type

Political

Research Subject Area(s)

Studies In Human Society: Sociology

LAW04 - Organ Donation and Presumed Consent Legislation

Summary of the impact

Until recently, there have been insufficient organs for transplantation in the UK. In 2008, the Prime Minister (Gordon Brown) signalled that, in order to remedy this shortfall, he favoured legislating for a system whereby everyone would be legally presumed to have consented to the `donation' of their organs on death (unless one opted out). Brown commissioned the Organ Donation Taskforce to explore the potential impact of presumed consent legislation on organ `donation' rates. The Taskforce, in turn, commissioned the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination at the University of York to conduct a systematic review of the international evidence. The Centre for Reviews and Dissemination has developed particular research expertise in the conduct of systematic reviews — an established scientific methodology for the conduct of meta-analyses of datasets. The Centre's research findings, in the published view of the Taskforce, provided the "most compelling" argument against a legislative change. The Taskforce ultimately argued that a system of `presumed consent' may actually have a negative effect on donation rates and may erode public trust in the NHS and Government. The alternative policy option it proposed would not only be more effective, it argued, but would avoid any negative side-effects of a `presumed consent' system. Gordon Brown reluctantly accepted this recommendation and abandoned his legislative proposal so that the alternative policy option could be given time to prove its effectiveness. In 2013, this alternative voluntary system succeeded in meeting its target of increased donations. In this way, a 50% national increase in life-saving organ donations was achieved, while a costly and challenging legislative system with its potential erosion of public trust was avoided. The University of York's research has thus helped to set the agenda for future organ donation policy in the UK.

Submitting Institution

University of York

Unit of Assessment

Law

Summary Impact Type

Political

Research Subject Area(s)

Medical and Health Sciences: Public Health and Health Services

Negotiating human bodies and improving donation policies

Summary of the impact

Work by Farsides has had a significant impact on public policy and professional practice and has led to measurable improvement in outcomes. Farsides' research has contributed to an increase of 50 per cent in organ donations. Her work has facilitated the resolution of ethical issues for clinicians caring for potential organ donors, for example through the establishment of an ethical framework for caring for donors after circulatory death. In terms of embryo donation, her research has influenced current practice and policy around consent and payment for donation, and led to the revisiting of guidance relating to donation and freezing policies.

Submitting Institution

University of Sussex

Unit of Assessment

Sociology

Summary Impact Type

Societal

Research Subject Area(s)

Medical and Health Sciences: Public Health and Health Services
Law and Legal Studies: Law
Philosophy and Religious Studies: Applied Ethics

Case 2: Discourse analysis in medical settings

Summary of the impact

This case study focuses upon discourse analytical research showing the importance of understanding communication activities in clinical settings, most particularly in mental health care and in transplantation medicine. The research described below has had an immediate impact upon educational and professional practice in medical settings in two European countries. The change that was engendered by the research can be seen both in educating clinicians in Poland as well as in changing communication practices of the British NHSBT.

Submitting Institution

University of Wolverhampton

Unit of Assessment

Modern Languages and Linguistics

Summary Impact Type

Societal

Research Subject Area(s)

Medical and Health Sciences: Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services

Expanding the donor pool for kidney transplantation

Summary of the impact

Research undertaken with the Newcastle Hospitals Transplant Unit led to the approval of two new transplant processes and resulted in the expansion of the kidney donor pool.

  • A new device, assisting with efficient peritoneal cooling, was created and adopted for the retrieval of human kidneys for transplant from Category II donors; it improved the functional quality of these kidneys post-transplant for recipient patients at Sunderland Royal Hospital between 2007 and 2010. The research has informed EU policy through its inclusion in the recent draft of `ESOT recommendations for DCD kidney transplantation'.
  • Since 2012, kidneys removed due to small renal tumours are available for transplant into new recipients after their ex vivo resection, resulting in clinical intervention and a new procedure adopted. Previously, these excised kidneys were not available for transplant.

Submitting Institution

University of Sunderland

Unit of Assessment

Allied Health Professions, Dentistry, Nursing and Pharmacy

Summary Impact Type

Health

Research Subject Area(s)

Medical and Health Sciences: Clinical Sciences, Immunology

Legal and Ethical Aspects of Human Organ Transplantation

Summary of the impact

This Case Study describes, inter alia, the late Professor David Price's sustained research in the broad field of organ transplantation, from which a substantial knowledge base and research expertise was developed. Its principal focus was on the availability and supply of human organs and tissue for transplantation, the continuing shortages thereof and the implications of shortfalls on quality and loss of This work has led to demonstrable policy and practice developments at national and international levels. Collaboration with policy makers, academics and health professionals across Europe has resulted in legislative developments and changes to policies and professional practice.

Submitting Institution

De Montfort University

Unit of Assessment

Law

Summary Impact Type

Political

Research Subject Area(s)

Medical and Health Sciences: Public Health and Health Services
Law and Legal Studies: Law
Philosophy and Religious Studies: Applied Ethics

Psychosocial impacts of Medically Assisted Reproduction

Summary of the impact

Middlesex University's Applied Health Psychology research on Medically Assisted Reproduction (MAR) has impacted in three areas. First, all Parental Order Reporters and accredited Infertility Counsellors in the UK are exposed to the research through standard professional training and practice materials. Secondly, research has informed Human Fertility and Embryology Authority (HFEA) policy on surrogacy and gamete donation. Thirdly, HFEA-commissioned research on elective Single Embryo Transfer (eSET) and stakeholder group membership has contributed to national guidelines, resulting in decreased numbers of embryos transferred in UK clinical practice, dramatically reducing multiple births and associated maternal and infant morbidity and mortality.

Submitting Institution

Middlesex University

Unit of Assessment

Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience

Summary Impact Type

Societal

Research Subject Area(s)

Medical and Health Sciences: Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine, Public Health and Health Services
Studies In Human Society: Social Work

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