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Men with penile cancer often feel very isolated as they are reluctant to talk to others about their condition, and as it is so rare, they do not encounter others who have experienced it. Branney and colleagues' work has produced a resource, available through the Health Talk Online website, for men and their families: http://www.healthtalkonline.org/Cancer/Penile_Cancer.
Men with penile cancer are routinely signposted to this resource. An exhibition of the project's findings has helped to raise awareness of the condition in the general public. By increasing patient information support, clinician insight and men's awareness of the condition, this research has improved the quality of life of men with penile cancer.
The National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal) have made major contributions to sexual health policy in Britain, and are widely regarded as among the most reliable sources of scientific data in the field, not replicated with such frequency, detail or sample size in a single country anywhere in the world. Since 2008 they have influenced (amongst other things) HIV services, HPV vaccination policy, the national chlamydia screening programme, teenage pregnancy strategy and health education campaigns for young people and gay men. Our data are widely used in the NHS and third sector. We have disseminated the results of our research through public engagement activities including extensive media work, podcasts, and science festivals.
ProtecT (Neal, Cambridge; Donovan, Bristol; Hamdy, Oxford), funded by NIHR in 1999, is the largest randomised controlled trial in localised prostate cancer; and compares a deferred conservative approach (Active Monitoring — developed by the Trial PIs) with surgery and radiotherapy. Avoiding "over-treatment" in low risk cancer is important and Active Monitoring (AM) and Surveillance (AS) have now had a major impact on patients and on national health policy through NICE guidance, which recommends such management approaches. The linked bio-repository was critical to characterising the genetic pre-disposition alleles (SNPs) in prostate cancer, which are now being used to identify high risk populations.
Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at highest risk of acquiring HIV in the UK and an estimated one-quarter of HIV-infected MSM have not been diagnosed. The Gay Men's Sexual Health (GMSH) Survey, conducted by University of Glasgow researchers, has provided robust evidence of sexual behaviours as well as prevention and testing activities of MSM in Scotland since 1996. These findings have shaped health policies in Scotland, the UK and Europe and have been used by health practitioners in the conduct of successful NHS sexual health campaigns in Scotland. The campaigns have been credited with increased testing rates and increased awareness of HIV risks demonstrating the effectiveness of direct promotion of sexual health awareness within the gay community.
There are currently 2 million cancer survivors in the UK. This is predicted to become 6 million by 2050 — by which time more than 50% of the UK population are expected to have experienced a cancer diagnosis. Our research and expertise have been central to the creation of the Department of Health's National Cancer Survivorship Initiative (NCSI), and framing policy more widely to respond to this challenge. It has provided evidence of the wide-ranging impact of the disease following cancer treatment, and has led to new models of cancer aftercare being implemented across the UK and internationally. Our research has linked directly to policy and practice through Professor Jessica Corner's membership of the NCSI Steering Group, as co-chair of the Department of Health's Cancer Patient Experience Advisory Group, and through our partnership with Macmillan Cancer Support.
Findings from research at Newcastle on health inequalities and the basis on which economic decisions are made have informed the recommendations made to and adopted by the Secretary of State of Health. These recommendations influenced two specific areas of the National Health Service (NHS) budget allocation. Formulae developed by Wildman and his colleagues are of key importance in determining the allocation of the NHS's £8 billion prescribing budget and the £10.4 billion mental health services budget.
In November 2008, Professor Sir Michael Marmot and his team at UCL were asked by the Secretary of State for Health to chair an independent review to propose the most effective evidence-based strategies for reducing health inequalities in England. The Marmot Review, published in 2010, has fundamentally shifted discourse on health inequalities in the UK and internationally. It has shaped public health services across England and around the world, guided government and international policy, and has given rise to a new commitment from service providers and health professionals to reducing health inequalities and addressing the social determinants of health.
Public and political discussion identifies monogamy as serving a litmus test of relationships - where cheating is deemed a violation of relationship expectations. Anderson has opened up this restrictive discourse in several countries and especially in on-line communities. Through his book, The Monogamy Gap and its extremely wide-ranging dissemination, Anderson has extended the range of public discourse and called into question the idea that cheating must cause damage. Reactions to this work range from the angrily dismissive to those that welcome such research as liberating. The intensity of this debate has significantly impacted perceptions of monogamy, its desirability and social function.
Health inequalities are recognised as a critical UK policy issue with life expectancy gaps of up to 28 years between the least and most deprived areas. This case-study demonstrates how Durham University research has led to: (a) changing health service commissioning (with County Durham and Darlington Primary Care Trust [PCT]): (b) influencing NHS funding policy (by generating Parliamentary debate); as well as (c) contributing to the development of the new public health system in England and Wales (as part of the Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England post-2010 [Marmot Review]).
Research by the University of Southampton into maternal and child health in the developing world has contributed significantly to the design of better health policies by governments, international agencies, and non-governmental organisations. The research broke new ground in identifying the urban poor in developing countries as among the groups most at risk of poor maternal and child health. Its findings have informed policy and funding priorities at national and international organisations including the Department for International Development (DFID) and the United Nations; influenced health practitioners in Africa and Asia; and led to better health care outcomes in countries which were the focus of the research.