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The OPAL Water Centre at UCL, funded to a total of £732k, developed an innovative educational national water survey programme accessible to people of all ages and abilities, promoted especially within disadvantaged communities. Of the more than 45,000 participants, 17% were from 'hard to reach' communities. The Survey encouraged greater understanding of the aquatic environment through public participation in water quality and aquatic biodiversity assessment and used high-quality research to link the community, voluntary and statutory sectors by creating a channel through which locally derived information could lead to site-specific management as well as national and international policy.
This study analysed the shallow well drinking water quality of 17,000 rural Malawians. Water officials were advised interim precautions to take regarding grossly contaminated wells. Inter alia, the `Water Resources Investment Strategy', World Bank funded, captured this data to help develop policy. A new MSc course was established to educate water officials. Workshops/Fieldtrips integrated this research into the undergraduate curriculum. An indigenous sustainable natural water purification system was developed to reduce contaminates at source. Initial data indicates that water quality can be improved by up to 80%. This has the potential to improve the water quality for 1.5 million Malawians.
The Advanced Concrete and Masonry Centre (ACMC) at UWS was among the pioneers in development of practical self-compacting concrete (SCC) in Europe. As a lead partner, the group contributed to two large EU projects on SCC, which underpinned the European standards on SCC test methods.
The group's research has contributed to the steadily increasing use of SCC in general construction, which has brought many benefits, such as enhanced durability, improved productivity, reduced overall cost, improved working environment and sustainability. Given the massive quantities of concrete being used (>14 billion tonnes/year globally), the increased use of SCC has had important economic, societal and environmental impacts.
Global waste disposal strategies and chemical regulations have been transformed through LEC's world-leading research into the environmental sources, fate and behaviour of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Firstly, our research has directly supported controlled high temperature incineration as a long-term option for the disposal of municipal waste, by showing that well regulated incineration is not an environmentally significant source of dioxin emissions. Secondly, our research has maintained the controlled utilisation of sewage sludge (biosolids) on agricultural land as an effective risk-based management solution that re-cycles valuable carbon and nutrients to soil. Our research has underpinned the development of the UK's Dioxin Strategy and supported international chemicals regulation for one of the most important global flame retardant chemicals in current use under the Stockholm Convention.
A team at Bristol University has played a central role in the development of new methods for assessing water quality in rivers and lakes. These are making it possible for the water industry to more reliably assess water quality and identify sites where remedial measures must be applied to meet the new standard of `good ecological status' as required by the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD), which passed into UK law in 2003. The innovative, diatom-based tools were used in 2008 and 2009 to assess all targeted surface waters (rivers and lakes) in the UK and Ireland, leading to massive investment in infrastructure. This has opened up the prospect of higher quality water in lakes and rivers - something that the public and environmental organisations demand. Over the next few decades, the investment will bring an estimated benefit of £200 million to residents in England and Wales alone.
Environmental management decisions are frequently based on records of environmental change recovered from natural archives such as lake sediments. Key to deciphering these records is a reliable technique for dating sediment sequences. Researchers in the Liverpool University Mathematical Sciences Department have played a major role in the development of dating techniques using natural (210Pb) and artificial (137Cs) fallout radionuclides. Working with environmental scientists they have been responsible for the implementation of these techniques in research programs that have resulted in national and international controls on e.g. emissions from power stations, the use of persistent organic pollutants and climate change. In particular, the US National Parks Service (NPS) is using their research to monitor pollution levels at sensitive locations in their National Parks and this research has also been a key factor in the UN decision in 2011 to ban the widely-used insecticide Endosulfan. Their research also enabled the NPS in 2012 to identify the most effective solution for marsh restoration off Long Island, New York, resulting in a considerable financial saving to the NPS; and finally their research on pollutants in the Norfolk Broads has led to the current campaign by the Broads Authority to promote environmentally friendly anti-fouling paints.
BEAA research has impacted positively on commerce in brewing and biotechnology companies worldwide through continuous collaboration with Aber Instruments, an AU spin-out company formed to commercialise university research. Aber Instruments has supplied over 1000 fermentation monitoring systems world-wide for the on-line measurement of viable biomass concentration, providing improvements in speed and accuracy over previous off-line, culture or stain-based procedures. On-line, real-time monitoring of viability during fermentation reduces costs and improves product quality, leading to practitioners in large breweries including Anheuser Busch, SABMiller, Inbev, Coors, Diageo, Heineken, Suntory and San Miguel adopting the Yeast Monitor as part of their standard operating procedures. The new Futura instrument, which utilises the same technology developed from BEAA research, was launched in 2009 and is now used by major biotechnology companies including Genetech, Novo, Biogen Idec, GlaxoSmithKline, Centocor, Sandoz, Eli Lilly and Genzyme to monitor biomass in a much wider range of fermentations.
This impact study deals with the development and implementation of an internationally recognised, statistically-based sampling regime for marine sediment hydrocarbon contamination. Its Economic and Environmental impacts include a reduction in sampling and analysis costs to operators while maintaining a statistically robust monitoring procedure to protect and enhance the environment (including valuable fisheries) and support oil and gas exploration/production. This regime was initially adopted by the UK Government in the UK Marine Monitoring and Assessment Strategy in 2009. These statistical-based sampling protocols have subsequently passed into wider environmental policy and the Random Stratified Statistical Sampling Regime represents the accepted standard for marine monitoring in the £22 billion oil exploration and production industry in the UK Continental Shelf. This regime has now been taken-up internationally by the other 14 countries bordering/discharging to the North East Atlantic through the OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North East Atlantic.
The science conducted in environmental radioactivity and radioecology ranges from the development and deployment of detection systems to the characterisation and implementation of radiological risk assessment tools. This has led to impacts in international standards, regulation development and regulation enforcement, including: advising the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) on hot particle hazard, risk, detection and recovery; developing the framework for environmental protection through the International Commission on Radiological Protection; developing standard specifications for the manufacture of environmental monitoring equipment for the International Electrotechnical Commission; and providing training courses through the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Professor Howarth's extensive research has had considerable and cumulative impact on the design, enforcement and practical operation of UK environmental law, particularly (but not exclusively) in relation to water and fisheries. His specific contribution has been in influencing national policy on enforcement and sentencing. In particular, two key ideas developed and advanced in his research - `modernisation' and `purposiveness' - have provided an important alternative to the previously dominant, traditional, reactive approach of criminalising environmentally unacceptable behaviour. Howarth's research has impacted in three direct ways. First, it has `significantly influenced' the work of the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), making a material contribution to improvements in the legislative framework and operation of UK environmental law. Second, it has had a `direct and significant' impact on the work of Fish Legal, a key environmental NGO, with which Howarth has developed a close, ongoing relationship and which has found his advice `invaluable'. Finally, it forms part of the canon widely relied on by professional legal and environmental practitioners in their day to day work. The impact of Howarth's research has been furthered through an extensive range of high level consultancy and policy-oriented advisory activities, which have allowed him to feed in the insights of his research at a high level. These include acting as a specialist legal consultant to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and as a legal advisor to the Northern Ireland Environment Department.