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Diseases of plants impact upon global food production and the environment, necessitating careful control. University of Nottingham (UoN) research has contributed to new lab-based and in-field tests that are extensively used by plant health inspectors and overseas organisations. The research has produced validated, accurate pathogen detection systems for use by plant health inspectorates and quarantine services as part of their testing services. The methods have been adopted by the Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera) in the UK for routine testing, and also by the Swiss diagnostics company Bioreba as part of their diagnostic services.
Impact: Economic: The first fungicide-based control schemes minimising UK barley yield losses (saving approx. 516K tonnes / £95.1M per annum). A risk assessment method, which minimised pesticide usage.
Significance: Barley is the second most popular cereal crop grown in the UK — in 2012, 5.52 million tonnes of barley were grown (market value £1.02 billion). The research led to savings to the UK farming industry of ~£5.4 million per annum
Beneficiaries: Farmers, malting and brewing industries, UK tax revenue.
Attribution: Drs. Oxley, Havis, Hughes, Fountaine, and Burnett (SRUC) identified the pathogen and produced a field test for early identification of infestation.
Reach: Barley growing, malting and brewing sectors, seed and agrochemical industries UK-wide and in Ireland.
This research (total cost £320,738) discovered which agronomic practices influence fusarium mycotoxins contaminating wheat grain, and led directly to a Food Standards Agency (FSA) Code of Practice aimed at reducing the mycotoxin concentrations in wheat grain for food processing. The impact has been to improve management practices leading to less waste. The implementation of the code led to fewer loads of wheat, sent by farmers for flour milling being rejected due to mycotoxin contamination above the EU permitted limits, and less food grade wheat grain wasted. These benefits have been independently estimated as worth £26 million in 2010.
A range of small specimen creep testing methods have been developed through research carried out at the University of Nottingham (UoN). These tests are being used in the following ways: RWE npower has used the impression creep test on approximately 180 samples taken from its power plants in the UK, France and Holland; AMEC has installed two impression creep test rigs for testing nuclear power plant materials for a range of EDF Energy power plants; Laborelec is using the small ring techniques for evaluating nickel based super alloys in turbine blades for clients in Belgium and Holland and the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI) has used the small specimen techniques, with the assistance of UoN, on power plant structures in the USA.
Reliable seed performance is the cornerstone of crop establishment, an important trait that determines the cost and resource efficiency of crop production. In practice, seed performance varies, and this creates a substantial global problem for seed producers and farmers. From 1980 until the present time, Finch-Savage and Rowse have provided knowledge, patented techniques and genetic backgrounds from their research programmes to enhance the performance of seeds in crop production. Seed production businesses worldwide use and continue to adopt these techniques. These include both national (e.g. Elsoms Seeds, UK; Seed Enhancements, New Zealand) and global (e.g. Syngenta and Bayer) companies. Therefore, the work of Finch-Savage and Rowse has had, and continues to have, a direct impact on food security, sustainable crop production and the profitability of farming and seed production businesses.
Heat tolerant rice varieties, which are better adapted to predicted climate change scenarios, are critical for the future livelihood of millions of rice growers and for the 50% of the global population that depends on rice as a staple in their daily diet. Research conducted at the University of Reading has informed the development of heat-tolerant rice in two ways. Firstly, novel protocols developed at Reading for heat-tolerance screening have been adopted by rice crop breeding nurseries across Asia. Secondly, Reading researchers identified a heat tolerant rice variety that is now the basis of advanced breeding programmes. In addition, the research conducted at Reading has led to widespread recognition among international policy-makers and influencers, such as the World Bank, of the importance of high temperature extremes on crops as part of the consideration of impacts of human-induced climate change.
Research over the last 20 years by Jane Nicklin (née Faull) and her research group has established expertise in fungi, which has led to impacts in three areas: impacts on the licensing of commercial products for the control of insect pests which affect food crops, which have led to a new product being licensed in the US to the benefit of vine growers; impacts on heritage conservation, where the work has benefitted English Heritage, the National Trust and many other conservation groups; and impacts on public awareness and media engagement with science, in particular through her work with Channel 4's How Clean is your House? in 2009.
Carotenoids (e.g. β-carotene, provitamin A) are antioxidants which are essential in the human diet and which reduce the onset of chronic diseases. Research in the unit on the carotenoid pathway has provided the tools and strategies to deliver foods with increased levels of nutritional carotenoids. This has led to the production of novel food supplements and to Golden Rice (GR), a humanitarian product aimed at alleviating Vitamin A deficiency in the developing world. Field and intervention trials have shown that GR is effective and its production feasible. The research has led to beneficial impacts on health and welfare, international development, commerce, public understanding and education.
Our research has led to increased crop yields and a reduction in the need for synthetic pesticides, through a new patented technology of treating seed with the natural plant signalling molecule, jasmonic acid. Lancaster's fundamental research in to the biology of plant-herbivore interactions showed for the first time that jasmonic acid (JA) seed treatment of a range of crops improved pest resistance for many weeks after germination, without the physiological costs of foliar JA application. We have patented this JA seed treatment technology (patents awarded in USA, Canada, Japan, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Mexico, applied for in three other major countries) and licensed it to BASF (previously Becker Underwood). JA seed treatments have been available to growers in the USA since 2010, and the technology is being rolled-out internationally for a range of major global crops.
Research using novel techniques of genetic marker-aided selection enabled the development of new high yield, disease- and drought-resistant pearl millet hybrids, of which HHB67-Improved was released throughout India. HHB67-Improved is the first product of marker-assisted breeding to reach cereal producers in India and has spread rapidly since its release, preventing yield losses to downy mildew of up to 30% (valued at £7.8M) per year, and providing £2.6M additional annual grain yield. By 2011, it was grown on over 700,000 ha and currently three million people have improved food security as a direct result of this international development focused work.