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Global waste disposal strategies and chemical regulations have been transformed through LEC's world-leading research into the environmental sources, fate and behaviour of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Firstly, our research has directly supported controlled high temperature incineration as a long-term option for the disposal of municipal waste, by showing that well regulated incineration is not an environmentally significant source of dioxin emissions. Secondly, our research has maintained the controlled utilisation of sewage sludge (biosolids) on agricultural land as an effective risk-based management solution that re-cycles valuable carbon and nutrients to soil. Our research has underpinned the development of the UK's Dioxin Strategy and supported international chemicals regulation for one of the most important global flame retardant chemicals in current use under the Stockholm Convention.
UK and international government departments, agencies and the nuclear industry have benefitted from improved understanding of environmental radioactivity and the development of novel, in situ gamma spectroscopy by researchers at the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC, University of Glasgow). The provision of advice and novel data has helped to develop management, monitoring, regulation and human dose assessments for authorised and accidental releases of radionuclides, and to build plans for geological disposal facilities for high and intermediate level radioactive waste.
Impact: Health and welfare; policy; the environment; fundamental changes to phthalate use, wider EU and US Endocrine Disrupting Chemical (EDC) regulations and chemical bans.
Significance: Shaped policy, regulation and the potential causal relationship of environmental EDC on male reproductive disorders and testicular dysgenesis syndrome.
Beneficiaries: Governments; chemical and food regulatory agencies; healthcare workers advising and treating pregnant women; pregnant women and their fetuses; males with disorders of sex development; adult males; plastics manufacturers.
Attribution: EDC research was developed and shaped by Prof Richard Sharpe and colleagues at UoE.
Reach: International; Europe, North America.
The science conducted in environmental radioactivity and radioecology ranges from the development and deployment of detection systems to the characterisation and implementation of radiological risk assessment tools. This has led to impacts in international standards, regulation development and regulation enforcement, including: advising the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) on hot particle hazard, risk, detection and recovery; developing the framework for environmental protection through the International Commission on Radiological Protection; developing standard specifications for the manufacture of environmental monitoring equipment for the International Electrotechnical Commission; and providing training courses through the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Mercury is extremely toxic and there is a worldwide need to limit its use and manage redundant stocks. Diverse research in the UoA on mercury in the environment led to a knowledge-exchange initiative: `Integrating Knowledge to Inform Mercury Policy' (IKIMP). Since 2009, IKIMP's policy briefings and reports have had a significant impact on mercury policy at UK, European and global levels. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) adopted IKIMP's decision-making framework to help countries deal with their redundant mercury. Defra used IKIMP reports to communicate the UK's position on mercury issues at EU and international levels, and IKIMP has influenced UNEP's development of the Minamata Convention, the international, legally-binding convention to limit mercury use agreed in 2013.
This case study is an illustrative example of the immediate and interim impact of our research with and for the organic waste industry. Specifically, it deals with effective management of the risk to the health of workers from exposure to bioaerosols. Led by Sykes, since 2006 a portfolio of research (both publicly available academic studies and confidential industrial reports) has been developed which led the Association for Organics Recycling (AfOR) to commission a technical guidance document for the composting industry in 2012. High-risk work activities and potential for harm to workers' health were identified, and recommendations on risk reduction strategies and good practice were made which have been endorsed by the Health and Safety Executive.
[Throughout this Impact Case Study, references to the underpinning research are numbered 1 to 6; sources to corroborate the impact are numbered 7 to 16.]
Environmental management decisions are frequently based on records of environmental change recovered from natural archives such as lake sediments. Key to deciphering these records is a reliable technique for dating sediment sequences. Researchers in the Liverpool University Mathematical Sciences Department have played a major role in the development of dating techniques using natural (210Pb) and artificial (137Cs) fallout radionuclides. Working with environmental scientists they have been responsible for the implementation of these techniques in research programs that have resulted in national and international controls on e.g. emissions from power stations, the use of persistent organic pollutants and climate change. In particular, the US National Parks Service (NPS) is using their research to monitor pollution levels at sensitive locations in their National Parks and this research has also been a key factor in the UN decision in 2011 to ban the widely-used insecticide Endosulfan. Their research also enabled the NPS in 2012 to identify the most effective solution for marsh restoration off Long Island, New York, resulting in a considerable financial saving to the NPS; and finally their research on pollutants in the Norfolk Broads has led to the current campaign by the Broads Authority to promote environmentally friendly anti-fouling paints.
The Green Guide to Specification is an environmental profiling system that enables designers and constructors to select building materials and components which have the lowest environmental impact. Designed and developed at Oxford Brookes University, the Green Guide methodology provides the construction industry with reliable environmental evaluations based on quantitative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) data. Now in its 4th edition and part of the BREEAM and Code for Sustainable Homes programmes, Green Guide has been used to reduce environmental impacts for over 230,000 recorded construction projects, with a further 1.07 million projects registered awaiting certification worldwide. In 2009, the Green Guide was adopted as the official design standard for all construction materials used in the London 2012 Olympics.
Deep sea tailings placement (DSTP) techniques have been pioneered in Papua New Guinea (PNG): a mining reliant economy in a seismically active region, facing major environmental challenges in the safe handling and storage of mine tailings on land. Dr Shimmield's team researched impacts of DSTP on the marine environment specifically to inform and develop guidelines for the use of DSTP to reduce environmental impact, thereby lowering risk and increasing private sector investment. Guidelines have been established as regulation by the PNG Government providing reassurance to private investors, facilitating an increase in mining exports to 60% of total export (2010).
Air pollution poses significant threats to both the environment and to human health and the World Health Organization estimates that 800,000 deaths per year could be related to ambient air pollution. Formulating air quality legislation and understanding its effect on human health requires accurate information on ambient concentrations of air pollution and how these translate into exposures actually experienced by individuals (personal exposures).
Our research provides a framework for estimating personal exposures for specific susceptible sub-populations, such as the elderly and those suffering from respiratory diseases. This framework also provides novel means of assessing uncertainty associated with the estimates of exposures. Furthermore, it allows changes in exposures to be assessed under hypothetical scenarios reflecting potential regulatory changes.
These models were used in the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) recent review of ozone standards that resulted in a reduction in the statutory limits of ozone in the United States. The EPA stated that "These changes will improve both public health protection and the protection of sensitive trees and plants" [C].