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Developing methods to measure and quantify amorphous content in micronised particles, leading to improved manufacture and performance of inhaled drug delivery devices

Summary of the impact

Graham Buckton's work at the UCL School of Pharmacy has involved the development of new techniques, which are now industry standards, for assessing the amorphous content of materials in inhalation products. This work has had a significant influence on both manufacturing quality control and regulatory requirement, including informing FDA policy, to the effect that this type of assessment is now a requirement for licensing of powder inhalation medicines in the US and Europe. Benefits to drug companies include cost savings and more reliable production. Furthermore, the associated School of Pharmacy spin-out company, Pharmaterials, offers these assessments as a core part of its commercial activity, with a large client base of industrial partners who require such assessments for their inhalation and other products. The overall result of this work has been changes and improvements in the design, control and manufacture of inhalation products.

Submitting Institution

University College London

Unit of Assessment

Allied Health Professions, Dentistry, Nursing and Pharmacy

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Engineering: Materials Engineering

New Thermal Methods for Materials Preparation and Characterisation

Summary of the impact

Methods to improve control over thermally-induced solid state transformations have been developed in Huddersfield and applied to materials synthesis and materials characterisation. Impact is being felt by catalyst and adsorbent manufacturers, where feedback-controlled thermal and microwave methods allow improved control of morphology, surface area and porosity, and possibly the nature of surface sites. New thermal characterisation methods, some based on these principles, plus calorimetric adsorption, modulated differential calorimetric and high speed thermal methods, are being applied to catalytic/adsorbent materials. The information arising from these studies is bringing economic benefit to manufacturers. The same techniques are also being applied to pyrotechnic materials, in work which has been credited with making a significant contribution to defence research in the UK and overseas.

Submitting Institution

University of Huddersfield

Unit of Assessment

Chemistry

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Chemical Sciences: Inorganic Chemistry, Other Chemical Sciences
Engineering: Chemical Engineering

Managing risk associated with crystal polymorphism in pharmaceutical development

Summary of the impact

Nearly all solid dosage forms contain drugs in crystalline form; and all crystals have the potential to `morph', suddenly, into different forms which can affect the safety and efficacy of the medicinal product. A number of high-profile cases in which marketed medicines had to be withdrawn [Lee, et al., Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011, 2, 259-280] led multinational drug company Pfizer to conclude that a greater understanding of polymorphism was required to enable drug product design for the 21st Century. The University of Greenwich pioneered methods to predict crystal behaviour on the shelf and during manufacture that were affordable, timely and effective. It enabled Pfizer to select the optimal polymorphic drug form and manage risk associated with uncontrolled solid-state transformations, thereby safeguarding patients and avoiding huge costs.

Submitting Institution

University of Greenwich

Unit of Assessment

Chemistry

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Chemical Sciences: Analytical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural)

Ilika plc: Driving Global Innovation in Next Generation Materials

Summary of the impact

The unique application of combinatorial chemistry in materials science at Southampton has directly underpinned the success of University spin-out, Ilika Technologies. Since 2008, the breadth of applications of the research has allowed Ilika:

  • to form a partnership, worth around £4m, with Toyota in the development of battery materials for electric vehicles
  • to optimise new phase change memory materials now used by NXP in embedded memory applications, and
  • to create and sell a subsidiary, Altrika Ltd, that has provided cell-based skin regeneration therapies to 50 severe burn victims.

Between 2008 and 2012, Ilika enjoyed considerable growth, doubling employment to 35 staff, increasing turnover by approximately 25% annually, and floating on the AIM with a market capitalisation of £18.7 million.

Submitting Institution

University of Southampton

Unit of Assessment

Chemistry

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Chemical Sciences: Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry, Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural), Theoretical and Computational Chemistry

1 Super-repellent surfaces by Plasmachemical techniques

Summary of the impact

Super-repellent surfaces created by plasmachemical techniques invented at Durham University have been exploited by P2i as the Ion-mask and Adiron brands and used to protect the surfaces of millions of products worldwide including: 3 million pairs of footwear (Timberland, Hi- Tec); 8 million mobile phones (Nokia, Motorola, Alcatel); 60% of the world's hearing aids (HLT, GN Resound); 55,000 feet of filter media (Porvair); and 100 million pipette tips (Eppendorf). This has earned P2i industry awards including the 2011 and 2012 International Business Award for "Most Innovative Company in Europe" and the "Global Business Excellence Award" 2012. The combined turnover of P2i since 2008 was ca. £20M, it received external investment of £31.75M and has created 115 new jobs. A DU IP-holding spin-out company, Surface Innovations, was purchased by P2i in 2010, and further applications of DU plasmachemical functionalization were commercialized by Dow Corning Plasma Solutions Ltd and exploited in-period.

Submitting Institution

University of Durham

Unit of Assessment

Chemistry

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Physical Sciences: Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics
Chemical Sciences: Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural)
Engineering: Materials Engineering

UOA08-07: Understanding solid-liquid reactions to improve manufacturing processes for agrochemicals at Syngenta

Summary of the impact

The cost of goods is an especially important issue in developing commercially available agrochemicals, which must be manufactured on a large scale. Richard Compton's research at the University of Oxford has led to a step change in the understanding of heterogeneous reaction mechanisms for liquid — organic solid or liquid — inorganic solid processes involved in large-scale manufacturing processes. Compton's work has had particular impact on optimising the processes used by Syngenta AG in its manufacturing of agrochemicals. Since 2008 the insights gained on inorganic-base dissolution have been of great benefit to Syngenta in its development of scalable robust manufacturing processes, particularly in relation to production of its fungicide Amistar and insecticide Actara, which are two of the world's largest selling products of this type. In 2012 Syngenta achieved total sales of over $ 14 billion, $ 4.8 billion of this from fungicide and insecticide revenues.

Submitting Institution

University of Oxford

Unit of Assessment

Chemistry

Summary Impact Type

Economic

Research Subject Area(s)

Chemical Sciences: Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural), Other Chemical Sciences

CS1 - Innovative chemistry reduces the environmental impact of mining and pharmaceutical manufacture

Summary of the impact

The technology in this impact study is based on organofunctionalised silica materials that can address market needs for high purity in compounds that underpin many areas of the pharma, electronic and medical sectors as well as the recovery of limited resources such as precious metals that are used in diverse industries. Since the launch of the product portfolio in 2006, the materials have become embedded in purification or recovery steps in commercial production processes of leading mining (South Africa), pharmaceutical (UK) and petrochemical (Germany) companies and make a significant impact on the business of these companies as well as limiting waste of limited resources.

Submitting Institution

Queen Mary, University of London

Unit of Assessment

Chemistry

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Chemical Sciences: Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Other Chemical Sciences

ELEC04 - Electromagnetic Shielding

Summary of the impact

One of the main functions of enclosures around electronic systems is to shield electromagnetic fields and reduce their interference with other systems. At the University of York the design of new measurement techniques for Shielding Effectiveness (SE), new instrumentation, and improved numerical model based design techniques have delivered more rigorous engineering processes for smaller equipment shielding enclosures (e.g. PCs) and large enclosures with a secondary shielding function (e.g. airframes).

These have resulted in global sales of specialist equipment to many major electronics companies through York EMC Services Ltd, a revised international standard for the measurement of SE and efficient modelling techniques to determine the SE of complex composite materials.

Submitting Institution

University of York

Unit of Assessment

Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Metallurgy and Materials

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Engineering: Materials Engineering, Interdisciplinary Engineering
Technology: Communications Technologies

Nanoforce Technology Ltd. Assists in the Development of Materials and Processes for Industry

Summary of the impact

Nanoforce Technology Ltd. is a spin-out company wholly owned by QMUL, active in the field of polymeric and ceramic materials. Bridging the gap between academic research and industrial applications, Nanoforce has done business with over 100 companies since 2008, providing the key research expertise and specialist facilities to enable the development of new materials and commercial products, including Sugru® a room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber, Zelfo® a self-binding cellulose material, and BiotexTM a range of high-performance yarns, fabrics and pre- consolidated sheets based renewable resources such as PLA and natural flax fibres. Nanoforce has been promoting the development and commercialisation of spark plasma sintering (SPS) since 2006, which resulted in Kennametal recently opening the first commercial SPS facility in the UK to produce advanced ceramic armour. Nanoforce's clients have included large multi-nationals such as DSM, Dow Chemical, General Electric, SABIC, L'Oreal, Shell, Sibelco, governmental agencies such as Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), and a large number of SME's.

Submitting Institution

Queen Mary, University of London

Unit of Assessment

Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Metallurgy and Materials

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Chemical Sciences: Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry, Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural)
Engineering: Materials Engineering

Liquid Assisted Grinding

Summary of the impact

Research by Professor Jones, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, resulted in the development of a new method for preparing composite solids, involving the grinding of two or more crystalline solids in the presence of small volumes of liquid. This so called "liquid assisted grinding" (LAG) which produces novel solids with bespoke physical and chemical properties, is now routinely used by the major pharmaceutical companies to screen for new drug forms as part of their drug product development process.

Submitting Institution

University of Cambridge

Unit of Assessment

Chemistry

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Chemical Sciences: Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural)

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