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Human-centred security in government and commercial applications

Summary of the impact

Professor Sasse created, developed and delivered the user-centric perspective that now underpins security thinking in both corporate and public-sector domains. This perspective shaped the UK government's Identity Assurance Programme (IDAP), a federated identity solution that will provide access to all e-government services in the UK. HP has incorporated the compliance budget model into its Security Analytics product, which enables companies to calculate the impact of a given security mechanism on individual and corporate productivity. Sasse's work also underpins new and improved security products, including First Cyber Security's SOLID and Safe Shop Window tools, which protects over 70% of UK online shopping revenue; GrIDSure's one-time PIN system (now part of the SafeNet Authentication Service); and iProov's authentication service.

Submitting Institution

University College London

Unit of Assessment

Computer Science and Informatics

Summary Impact Type

Economic

Research Subject Area(s)

Economics: Applied Economics
Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services: Business and Management

Security Economics

Summary of the impact

Professor Ross Anderson's (University of Cambridge) research in security economics has had considerable impact on public policy and industry practice. Through two reports for ENISA, his work has directly influenced European Commission policy on combatting cyber-crime and on protecting the internet infrastructure. Through his membership of a Blackett Review and appearances before parliamentary committees, he has influenced UK government policy on cyber- security. Personally, and through the positions to which members his research team have moved, his research has influenced a range of organisations, including the US government, the European Union, Google, and Microsoft.

Submitting Institution

University of Cambridge

Unit of Assessment

Computer Science and Informatics

Summary Impact Type

Political

Research Subject Area(s)

Information and Computing Sciences: Computation Theory and Mathematics, Data Format

Case Study 1 - Securing Networked Systems

Summary of the impact

The Network & Information Security Technology Lab (NISTL) at Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU) conducts research in securing networked systems against the growing threat of cyber crime. The research has generated a correlated set of new security protocols, novel system composition methods and efficient digital forensic analysis schemes for more effective layered security protection. Their main impacts for the period 01/2008 - 07/2013 are highlighted below:

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  • Thales (engaging in commercial secure system development) has continued collaboration with us to exploit our findings on system composition since 2008. This enabled Thales to deliver three invention disclosures and one security-enhanced commercial solution. The open source software version produced was downloaded 14,323 times since 04/2009.
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  • Our research in forensic analysis led to the generation of a patent in 2009, which was later implemented by the lab into a software tool. Merseyside Police used the tool to enhance its efficiency in digital forensic analysis by 8.5 times.

In addition to the above direct impacts, our work is also beneficial to other organisations and even the general public, as they all require security techniques for information protection.

Submitting Institution

Liverpool John Moores University

Unit of Assessment

Computer Science and Informatics

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Information and Computing Sciences: Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing, Data Format, Distributed Computing

Design of a block cipher used in TETRA secure radio

Summary of the impact

Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) is a very well known, international specification for secure mobile radio and `walkie-talkie' communication, that is extensively used and relied upon by emergency and public safety services such as police, ambulance and fire services, as well as governmental and private bodies. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) began standardising TETRA in the 1990s and it is now widely used throughout the world. Foundations of its success include resilience and reliability, but security is a major feature, being underpinned by expert cryptographic design. In particular the authentication and key generation mechanisms in TETRA rely on a block cipher (HURDLE) which was designed by a team of cryptographers at Royal Holloway.

The work carried out at Royal Holloway underpins the integrity and security of TETRA safety- critical networks throughout the world to the present day. A secure design for emergency service communications minimises both the amount of disruption criminals can cause to service operations, and the amount of operational information such criminals can glean from eavesdropping, contributing to the safety and security of society as a whole as well as the economic benefits to manufacturers of TETRA-based equipment.

Submitting Institution

Royal Holloway, University of London

Unit of Assessment

Mathematical Sciences

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Information and Computing Sciences: Computation Theory and Mathematics, Data Format

NATO and the Changing Nature of International Security from Europe to South Asia

Summary of the impact

This case study refers to the REF-period impact achieved by Michael J. Williams, who joined the Unit in 2008. His research comprises a number of projects that bring new understandings of risk to bear on the evolution and development of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since 1949, the conceptualization of security in the post-9/11 world and NATO's role in promoting security in the transatlantic area via `out of area' missions such as the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. Williams combined advisory roles and a strong public profile developed over the period to bring his research to politicians, policymakers and publics both nationally and internationally, engagements that supported the achievement of non-academic impacts of his work. His research has informed the thinking of policy-makers, military officials, international organizations and development actors dealing with security and development, contributed to policy formation at national and international levels, and raised public awareness of the difficulties of policy coordination in conflict and development initiatives.

Submitting Institution

Royal Holloway, University of London

Unit of Assessment

Politics and International Studies

Summary Impact Type

Political

Research Subject Area(s)

Studies In Human Society: Political Science

Ensuring Banknote Security

Summary of the impact

This case study highlights the research at Plymouth University into the development of a specialist security thread in banknotes which has been commissioned and adopted by De La Rue, the world's largest commercial currency printer and papermaker. The system has provided quality assurance for over five billion banknotes, including the Euro, and improved the performance of a worldwide business through the introduction of new technology. Potential future losses through counterfeit have been mitigated by the improved quality assurance systems.

Submitting Institution

Plymouth University

Unit of Assessment

Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Metallurgy and Materials

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Information and Computing Sciences: Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing, Information Systems
Engineering: Electrical and Electronic Engineering

A new doctrine for European response to conflict and disaster in developing and other countries

Summary of the impact

Professor Mary Kaldor convened a study group that proposed a new human security doctrine for the European Union at the request of its High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy. This doctrine defined a new approach for EU involvement in situations requiring a security and defence response, with special attention to conflict and disaster in developing countries. It has influenced security and defence policy at the EU and country member levels, and has proved to dramatically reduce violence and contribute to peacekeeping efforts and a return to civil society when applied in conflict-ridden contexts such as Chad, Somalia, Iraq and Libya.

Submitting Institution

London School of Economics & Political Science

Unit of Assessment

Anthropology and Development Studies

Summary Impact Type

Political

Research Subject Area(s)

Studies In Human Society: Political Science
Law and Legal Studies: Law

Learning from Aceh: improving EU peacekeeping missions

Summary of the impact

The analysis and evaluation of the performance of the Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM) by Dr. Kirsten E. Schulze, an expert on the contemporary history of the Aceh conflict in Indonesia, contributed in four main ways to the improvement of EU peacekeeping missions and the adoption of a human security doctrine. Firstly, changes were made to the composition of peacekeeping missions to achieve a greater gender balance. Secondly, the training and preparation of external civilian security missions were altered with respect to greater gender sensitivity in the field. Thirdly, the AMM evaluation has, alongside other evaluations of European Security and Defence Policy (ESPD) missions, become part of the material studied by practitioners when undertaking training at the European Crisis Management Centre in Finland, which has also prepared a manual based on this research. Finally, and more generally, the research on the AMM (and other evaluations of ESPD missions) has served as the basis for devising a specifically European approach to security within the framework of the human security doctrine outlined in the September 2004 Barcelona Report.

Submitting Institution

London School of Economics & Political Science

Unit of Assessment

History

Summary Impact Type

Societal

Research Subject Area(s)

Studies In Human Society: Policy and Administration, Political Science

National Security and Ministerial Responsibility: Shaping and Influencing Government Bills

Summary of the impact

Professor Adam Tomkins of the University of Glasgow provides research-based evidence and advice to the House of Lords Select Committee on the Constitution, serving as one of their legal advisers since 2009 and, in that time, drafting reports on more than 30 Government Bills. His research has directly influenced law and policy, most markedly in two recent Acts of Parliament. Tomkins' research on the constitutional conventions of ministerial responsibility influenced a series of amendments to the Health and Social Care Act 2012; his research into national security and the due process of law proved critical, again resulting in several amendments, to the Justice and Security Act 2013.

Submitting Institution

University of Glasgow

Unit of Assessment

Law

Summary Impact Type

Political

Research Subject Area(s)

Law and Legal Studies: Law

Cyber Security: Situational Awareness and Infrastructure Protection research changing policy and practice

Summary of the impact

Cyber security and situational awareness research has impacted organisations' strategy, policy and practice. Impact was delivered through nuWARP (Northumbria University Warning, Advice and Reporting Point) registered as part of the UK Government's Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure. International impact: direct contribution to EU Cyber Security Strategy; improved practices at the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission; redeveloped business model at Star Spreads (online gambling company) leading to safer practices for customers. National impact: contributed to improved business models and policies in SMEs (Washington Metalworks, Shared Interest, SRM Ltd), which have improved data security and online practice.

Submitting Institution

Northumbria University Newcastle

Unit of Assessment

Computer Science and Informatics

Summary Impact Type

Technological

Research Subject Area(s)

Information and Computing Sciences: Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing, Information Systems

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